W.F. Wertheim once examined social change in Indonesia on a macro level, focusing on geographical conditions, natural conditions, and racial differences. Wertheim described this in a powerful concept of social change in Indonesia, which he stated was based on observations within the framework of historical and sociological studies.
This macro-historical approach allows us to see that the transformation of Indonesian society did not occur in a vacuum, but was shaped by a long contestation between colonial powers, customary structures, and the penetration of global capitalism through maritime trade routes.
The macro-study is based on discussions of geographical structural conditions, population position, and society within the global system. This leads to an understanding that Indonesia is a system of nations, a collection of islands, and a scattering of cities, each with its own history. This sociological diversity demands an analytical tool capable of capturing how localities respond to the wave of modernization.
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